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<sup>1</sup> Raouf M, et al. A Practical Guide to Urine Drug Monitoring. <i>Fed Pract.</i> 2018 Apr;35(4):38-44. <a href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6368048/pdf/fp-35-04-38.pdf><u>Free, full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>2</sup> Moeller KE, et al. Clinical Interpretation of Urine Drug Tests: What Clinicians Need to Know About Urine Drug Screens. <i>Mayo Clin Proc.</i> 2017 May;92(5):774-796. <a href=https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0025-6196%2816%2930825-4><u>Free, full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>3</sup> Argoff CE, et al. Rational Urine Drug Monitoring in Patients Receiving Opioids for Chronic Pain: Consensus Recommendations. <i>Pain Med.</i> 2018 Jan 1;19(1):97-117. <a href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6516588/pdf/pnx285.pdf><u>Free, full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>4</sup> Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. <i>Medications for Opioid Use Disorder.</i> Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 63 Publication No. PEP21-02-01-002. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2021. <a href=https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep21-02-01-002.pdf><u>Free, full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>5</sup> Jarvis M, et al. Appropriate Use of Drug Testing in Clinical Addiction Medicine. <i>J Addict Med.</i> 2017 May/Jun;11(3):163-173. <a href=https://downloads.asam.org/sitefinity-production-blobs/docs/default-source/guidelines/the-asam-appropriate-use-of-drug-testing-in-clinical-addiction-medicine-full-document.pdf?sfvrsn=700a7bc2_0><u>Free, full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>6</sup> Kapur BM, Aleksa K. What the lab can and cannot do: clinical interpretation of drug testing results. <i>Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci.</i> 2020 Dec;57(8):548-585. <a href=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10408363.2020.1774493?needAccess=true><u>Free, full-text ePDF</u></a>
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<sup>2</sup> Moeller KE, et al. Clinical Interpretation of Urine Drug Tests: What Clinicians Need to Know About Urine Drug Screens. <i>Mayo Clin Proc.</i> 2017 May;92(5):774-796. <a href=https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0025-6196%2816%2930825-4><u>Free, full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>3</sup> Argoff CE, et al. Rational Urine Drug Monitoring in Patients Receiving Opioids for Chronic Pain: Consensus Recommendations. <i>Pain Med.</i> 2018 Jan 1;19(1):97-117. <a href=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6516588/pdf/pnx285.pdf><u>Free, full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>4</sup> Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. <i>Medications for Opioid Use Disorder.</i> Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 63 Publication No. PEP21-02-01-002. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2021. <a href=https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep21-02-01-002.pdf><u>Free, full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>5</sup> Jarvis M, et al. Appropriate Use of Drug Testing in Clinical Addiction Medicine. <i>J Addict Med.</i> 2017 May/Jun;11(3):163-173. <a href=https://downloads.asam.org/sitefinity-production-blobs/docs/default-source/guidelines/the-asam-appropriate-use-of-drug-testing-in-clinical-addiction-medicine-full-document.pdf?sfvrsn=700a7bc2_0><u>Free, full-text PDF</u></a>
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<sup>6</sup> Kapur BM, Aleksa K. What the lab can and cannot do: clinical interpretation of drug testing results. <i>Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci.</i> 2020 Dec;57(8):548-585. <a href=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10408363.2020.1774493?needAccess=true><u>Free, full-text ePDF</u></a>
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Standard opiate immunoassays test for opium alkaloids and/or metabolites, incl. morphine/codeine. Semisynthetic opioids may or may not be detected, and synthetic opioids will not be detected by opiate immunoassay; assays specific for these drugs may be requested.<sup>1</sup>